Meth DEFENSE™…brain and nerve protection.

L-Carnosine
L-Carnosine is a dipeptide that neutralizes the damaging hydroxyl radicals that are generated by amphetamines. It also prevents DNA oxidation and blocks excitatory neurotransmitter toxicity, implicated in the neurotoxic process. L-carnosine prevents lipid oxidation and cross linking (abnormal molecular bonds) which occurs when aldehydes like those formed during degradation of dopamine (and sugars) react with protein amino groups and polymerize.

R-Lipoic acid
R-Lipoic acid is the biologically active form of alpha lipoic acid and up to 10 times more potent. It reaches higher blood levels than alpha lipoic, crosses the blood brain barrier and boosts glutathione, the body's major antioxidant enzyme. R-Lipoic acid is one of the most important protective nutrients for amphetamine users.

Alpha-Lipoic acid
Alpha-Lipoic acid is a master antioxidant that protects cell membranes both in the aqueous and fatty bi-layers. It recycles Vitamin C and Vitamin E, CoQ10 and boosts glutathione. This is one of the most important protective nutrients for amphetamine users.

Quercetin
Quercetin is a catechol-type flavonoid that localizes near the surface of phospholipid bilayers of membranes and scavenges aqueous oxygen radicals. The actions of Quercetin prevent the consumption of lipophilic alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) and the peroxidation of neuronal membranes.

Calcium ascorbate
Calcium ascorbate is a neutral salt form of vitamin C. Vitamin C is a major component of the body's antioxidant defense shield. The highest accumulation of Vitamin C is in the adrenal glands. The second highest is in the nerve terminals; the location where amphetamine induced damage occurs.

Selenomethionine
Selenomethionine is the most bioactive form of selenium, bound to the sulfur containing amino acid methionine. Selenium substantially reduces lipid peroxidation.

Astaxanthin
Astaxanthin is a new commercial antioxidant concentrated from an algae that anchors itself between the fat/water interface of cell membranes, the exact location where amphetamine induced free radicals exert their damage on serotonin and dopamine nerve terminals. Astaxanthin blocks lipid peroxidation. Next to R-Lipoic acid and Vitamin C this may exert more protection against amphetamine induced free radical oxidation than any other nutrient.

Grapeseed Standardized Extract (90-95% proanthocyanodins)
Grapeseed Standardized Extract contains proanthocyanodins; a group of powerful flavonoid antioxidants that cross the blood-brain barrier, reduce inflammation and protect neurons from a variety of free radicals.

Schizandra Standardized Extract
Schizandra Standardized Extract (9% schizandrins) is a traditional Chinese herb that increases glutathione, a major component of the endogenous antioxidant shield. Schizandra antagonizes the adverse stimulatory properties of amphetamines.

Vitamin E (Vitamin E succinate, Mixed Tocopherols, Tocotrienols)
Vitamin E is the official designation for alpha tocopherol, a fat-soluble nutrient found in the diet in varying amounts. The term vitamin E is used to refer to all toco (mixed tocopherols) and trienol (tocotrienol) derivatives. The tocols are alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols; the trienols are alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocotrienols. All of these substances have vitamin E activity and until recently it was thought alpha tocopherol was the most active form. As such, only official vitamin E activity (IU) is given to alpha tocopherol. Recent research however, suggests that gamma tocopherol is as biologically active as alpha tocopherol and that vitamin E products should contain tocopherols and tocotrienols for maximum benefit.
Vitamin E succinate is the most active form of vitamin E and protects cell membranes from oxidation better than other forms of natural or synthetic vitamin E.
Mixed tocopherols are the balanced and complete natural spectrum of tocotrienols enhancing antioxidant effects. Tocotrienols are a palm-oil derived antioxidant faction of vitamin E with more protective power than vitamin E alone. They work synergistically with Vitamin E and the other ingredients to protect cell membranes from oxidative stress of peroxyl radicals.

Jitter End™…jaw and muscle ease

Calcium (Calcium Citrate & Calcium Malate)
Stimulant drugs may produce a marginal drop in ionized calcium levels that produce a state of nervous and muscular hyperactivity. Taking calcium helps prevent the symptoms of tremor, muscle spasms, anxiety, tension and cramps from low calcium levels.

Magnesium (Amino Acid Chelate)
Magnesium ions modulate the tone of muscles by influencing the availability of calcium ions at various intracellular locations. Magnesium actively promotes smooth muscle relaxation, offsets calcium-dependent excitation contraction coupling and decreases cellular responsiveness to depolarizing stimuli. Supplementation of Magnesium eases muscular tension and cardiac over-excitation from the stimulatory effects of amphetamines.

Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5 from Calcium Pantothenate and Pantethine)
Pantothenic Acid helps with the anxiety, tension, muscular cramps and stress from amphetamine use.

Downtime™…comedown, chill out and rest

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl)
Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl) is a necessary co factor for the brain to assist in replenishing neurotransmitters.

Tocotrienols
Tocotrienols are palm-oil derived antioxidants with more protective power than vitamin E alone. They work synergistically with Vitamin E and the other ingredients in Downtime to protect cell membranes from oxidative stress.

Schizandra Berry
Schizandra is a traditional Chinese herb that increases the glutathione; a major component of the endogenous antioxidant shield. It also antagonizes the adverse stimulatory properties of amphetamines.

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP)
5-HTP is the immediate precursor of serotonin, one of the neurotransmitters most adversely affected by amphetamines. It helps diminish the post amphetamine "crash" and depression on subsequent days following amphetamine use. It helps alleviate headaches and muscle pain. 5HTP may be beneficial for the acute aggressiveness and psychotic effects from amphetamine abuse. 5HTP also has antioxidant properties and assists in recovery by promoting deep restful sleep and circadian rhythm synchronicity.

Bacopa Monneiri Standardized whole plant extract (Bacosides A & B)
Bacopa is an Indian adaptogenic herb with antidepressant and tranquilizing properties. It has been shown to have a positive effect on serotonin metabolism and may help normalize serotonin levels. Bacosides A & B repair damaged neurons by enhancing pre and post synaptic proteins. Bacopa prevents lipid peroxidation, boosts memory and reduces anxiety and fatigue without producing stimulation. All of these effects may benefit the amphetamine user during both short and long term recovery.

Valerian Root Standardized Extract (Valerenic Acid 0.8%)
Valerian Root Extract acts as a sedative and improves sleep quality without producing negative side effects.

Trimethylglycine (TMG, Betaine)
Trimethylglycine (TMG, Betaine) is methyl donor which boosts the COMT enzyme, responsible for elimination of Dopamine metabolites.

St John's Wort Standardized Extract (Hypericin)
St John's Wort acts as a non-selective reuptake inhibitor of monoamine neurotransmitters and has been called an herbal "Prozac". The hyperforin in St John's inhibits the reuptake of monoamines, serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline and the amino-acid neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. Unlike standard reuptake inhibitors, St John's Wort exerts this reuptake inhibition non-competitively by enhancing intracellular Na+ ion concentrations. These actions produce most of the anti-depressive effects St. John's Wort extract.

Melatonin
Melatonin is a powerful scavenger of hydroxyl radicals produced by amphetamines. It helps reset the biological clock disrupted by staying up all night.

GO™…daytime energy and alertness

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl)
Vitamin B6 is a necessary cofactor for replenishing neurotransmitters in the brain. It is required to manufacture norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and phenyl ethylamine from Phenylalanine.

L-Tyrosine
L-Tyrosine is an amino acid precursor for catecholamines (phenethylamine, dopamine and norepinephrine) that activates the catecholamine energy production pathway. L-Tyrosine increases brain energy, combats stress maintains circadian rhythm synchronicity and reduces depressive symptoms.

L-Phenylalanine
L-Phenylalanine is an amino acid precursor to L-tyrosine that boosts catecholamines (phenethylamine, dopamine and norepinephrine), increases brain energy, combats stress and reduces depressive symptoms.

DMAE Bitartrate
DMAE helps remove metabolic waste products, scavenges hydroxyl radicals from brain tissue and acts as a precursor for acetylcholine, the transmitter most associated with memory and learning.

Schizandra Root Extract (standardized for Schizandrins-9%)
Schizandra Root Extract is a traditional Chinese herb that increases the glutathione, a major component of the endogenous antioxidant shield. Schizandra antagonizes the adverse stimulatory properties of amphetamines.

Ginkgo Biloba Standardized Leaf Extract (24%)
Ginkgo Biloba is a brain penetrating antioxidant that increases cerebral blood flow and enhances cognitive functioning.

Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine is a nootropic derivative of the periwinkle plant that functions to boost memory, enhance cognitive functions and cerebral blood flow.





REFERENCES


Meth DEFENSE™

Carnosine
  1. Cellular & Molecular Neurobiology 17(2):259-271, 1997
  2. Biochemical and Physiological Evidence that Carnosine is an Endogenous Neuroprotector Against Free Radicals
  3. Biochemical Society Trans. 22(4):399S, 1994 Carnosine Protects Proteins Against In vitro Glycation and Cross Linking
R-Lipoic Acid
  1. Neurotoxicology 2002 Oct;23(4-5):479-86 Pre-treatment with R-lipoic acid alleviates the effects of GSH depletion in PC12 cells: implications for Parkinson's disease therapy.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
  1. J Neurochem 2001 Oct; 79(1):152-60 Parallel increases in lipid and protein oxidative markers in several mouse brain regions after methamphetamine treatment.
  2. Eur J Pharmacol 2000 Jul 14; 400(1):99-102 Methamphetamine selectively alters brain glutathione.
Quercetin
  1. Protective effects of epiatechin, epicatechin gallate and quercitin on lipid peroxidation in phsophollipids layers. Arch Biochenm Biophys 1994 Jan 308(1) 278-84
Ascorbic Acid
  1. Ascorbic acid reduces the dopamine depletion induced by methamphetamine and the 1-mehtyl 4-phenyl amphetamine ion Nuropharmacology 6 May: 25(5): 259-61,
  2. Pretreatment with ascorbic acid attenuates the neurotoxic effects of amphetamine in rats. Res Pathol Pharmacol 1985 Feb; 47(2): 2 221-8:
Selenomethionine
  1. Brain Res 1999 Dec 18;851(1-2):76-86 Protection of methamphetamine nigrostriatal toxicity by dietary selenium
Astaxanthin
  1. Physiological Chemistry and Physics and Medical NMR 1990: 22(1) pp27-38; Inhibition of Oxidative Injury of Biological Membranes by Astaxanthin
  2. Pure and Applied Chemistry 1991: 63(1) pp. 141-146; Biological Functions and Activities of Animal
Carotenoids
  1. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2001 Mar;23(2):79-84 Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver of CCl4-treated rats.
Grapeseed
  1. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2002 Jul 15;104(1):55-65 Pycnogenol protects neurons from amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis.
  2. Nutrition 2000 Nov-Dec;16(11-12):1079-81 Effect of select antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins
Schizandra
  1. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002 Sep;8(6):385-7 Glutathione depletion and oxidative stress.
  2. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs-Actions and Uses Beijing:Sci Press 1991 pp 100-101
  3. Nutrition Science News: The Journal of Natural Products Research and Innovation Jan 2001 Vol 6 No 1 pp 16-18
Vitamin E Succinate
  1. Nutrition Science News March 2001 Vol 6 No 3, pp 82-92
  2. Alpha-tocopheryl succinate sensitizes a T lymphoma cell line to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by suppressing NF-kappaB activation. Br J Cancer 2003 Jan 13;88(1):153-8
Mixed Tocopherols
  1. Different isoforms of tocopherols enhance nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and inhibit human platelet aggregation and lipid peroxidation: implications in therapy with vitamin E. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2001 Apr;6(2):155-61
  2. Relative Effects of alpha- and gamma-Tocopherol on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Superoxide Dismutase and Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and Protein Expression in Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 1999 Oct;4(4):219-226
Tocotrienols
  1. The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols Lipids 1996 Jul;31(7):671-701
Jitter End™

Magnesium
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  4. Turlapaty PDMV & BM Altura: Extra cellular magnesium ions control calcium exchange and content of vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol, 52:421-423, (1978).
  5. Ebel H, Gunther T. Magnesium metabolism: a review. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1098; 18:257-270.
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  7. Classen HG, Helbig J, "Magnesium therapy in pregnancy. Pharmacologic and toxicologic aspects of magnesium supplementation and use in pre-eclampsia and threatened premature labor." Fortschr Med, 1984; 102(34): 841-844.
Calcium
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  6. Pitikin RM, "Endocrine regulation of calcium homeostasis during pregnancy." Clin Perinatol, 1983; 10(3): 575-592.
  7. Odendahl HJ, S Afr Med, 1974;48:780.
Downtime™

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl)
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  3. Dakshinamurti K, Sharma SK, Bonke D. Influence of B vitamins on binding properties of serotonin receptors in the CNS of rats. Klin Wochenschr 1990;68:142-145.
  4. Siow YL, Dakshinamurti K. Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in adult rat brain. Exp Brain Res. 1985;59:575-581.
Schizandra
  1. Mytilineou C, Kramer BC, Yabut JA. Glutathione depletion and oxidative stress. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002 Sep;8(6):385-7
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  3. Nutrition Science News: The Journal of Natural Products Research and Innovation Jan 2001 Vol 6 No 1 pp 16-18
5-Hydroxytryptophan
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  3. Pöldinger W, Calanchini B, Schwarz W. A functional-dimensional approach to depression: serotonin deficiency as a target syndrome in a comparison of 5-hydroxytryptophan and fluvoxamine. Psychopathology 1991;24:53-81.
  4. Caruso I, Puttini PS, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201-9.
  5. Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;398:373-9.
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  7. Graw P, Puhringer W, Lacoste V, Gastpar M, Wirz-Justice A.Intravenous L-5-hydroxytryptophan in normal subjects: an interdisciplinary precursor loading study. Part II: profile of psychotropic effects derived from protocols and psychometric investigations. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol 1976 Nov;9(6):269-76 Headache 2000 Jun;40(6):451-6
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Bacopa Monneiri
  1. Chowdhuri DK, Parmar D, Kakkar P, Shukla R, Seth PK, Srimal RC. Anti-stress effects of Bacosides of Bacopa monnieri: modulation of Hsp70 expression, superoxide dismutase and cytochrome P450 activity in rat brain. Res 2002 Nov;16(7):639-45
  2. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Kumar A, Ghosal S. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus. Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):174-9
  3. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002 Aug;27(2):279-81 Chronic effects of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) on human memory. Roodenrys S, Booth D, Bulzomi S, Phipps A, Micallef C, Smoker J.
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  5. Sairam K, Dorababu M, Goel RK, Bhattacharya SK. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monnieri in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine 2002 Apr;9(3):207-11
Valerian
  1. Leathwood, Aqueous extract of valerian Root (Valeriana officianalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. P Pharmacology Biochem Behavior 1982; 17:65-71
Trimethylglycine (Betaine)
  1. Schwab U, Torronen A, Toppinen L, Alfthan G, Saarinen M, Aro A, Uusitupa M Betaine supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations but does not affect body weight, body composition, or resting energy expenditure in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 Nov;76(5):961-7
St John's Wort Extract
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  2. Schulz H, Jobert M. Effects of Hypericum Extracts on Sleep EEG of Older Volunteers. J Geriatric Psychiatry Neurol 7 1994;(Suppl 1):S39-43
Melatonin
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  6. Chung SY, Han SH. Melatonin attenuates kainic acid-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration and oxidative stress through microglial inhibition. J Pineal Res 2003 Mar;34(2):95-102
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  8. Samis HV, Capobianco S. Aging and Biological Rhythms. Plenum Press, New York, 1978
GO™

L-Tyrosine
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  11. Gibson CJ, Watkins CJ, Wurtman RJ.Tyrosine administration enhances dopamine synthesis and release in light-activated rat retina. J Neural Transm 1983;56(2-3):153-60
  12. Morrow BA, Elsworth JD, Roth RH.yrosine enhances behavioral and mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic responses to aversive conditioning. Synapse 1996 Feb;22(2):100-5
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L-Phenyalanine
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  2. Phenylalanine levels in endogenous psychoses. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie 32(10):631-633, 1980
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  4. Theoretical and therapeutic potential of indoleamine precursors in affective disorders. Neuropsychobiology (Basel) 3(4):199-233, 1977
  5. Phenylethylamine and glucose in true depression. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry (Regina) 5(3):199-202, 1976
  6. Phenylalanine for endogenous depression. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry (Regina) 3(2):80-81, 1974
  7. Willner P.Dopamine and depression: a review of recent evidence. I. Empirical studies. Brain Res 1983 D(3):211-24 ec;287
  8. Beckmann H, Athen D, Olteanu M, Zimmer R DL-phenylalanine versus imipramine: a double-blind controlled study.: Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1979 Jul 4;227(1):49-58
  9. Sabelli HC, Javaid JI.Phenylethylamine modulation of affect: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995 Winter;7(1):6-14
  10. Sabelli HC.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995 Winter;7(1):6-14 J Clin Psychiatry 1991 Mar;52(3):137
  11. Sabelli HC, Fawcett J, Gusovsky F, Javaid JI, Wynn P, Edwards J, Jeffriess H, Kravitz H. Clinical studies on the phenylethylamine hypothesis of affective disorder: urine and blood phenylacetic acid and phenylalanine dietary supplements. J Clin Psychiatry 1986 Feb;47(2):66-70
Vitamin B6
  1. Bai SC, Rogers QR, Wong DL, Sampson DA, Morris JG. Vitamin B-6 deficiency and level of dietary protein affect hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity in cats. J Nutr 1998 Nov;128(11):1995-2000
  2. Lerner V, Miodownik C, Kaptsan A, Cohen H, Loewenthal U, Kotler M. Vitamin B6 as add-on treatment in chronic schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 Jan;63(1):54-8
  3. Bernstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:250-60
  4. Baldewicz T, Goodkin K, Feaster DJ, Blaney NT, Kumar M, Kumar A, Shor-Posner G, Baum M. Plasma pyridoxine deficiency is related to increased psychological distress in recently bereaved homosexual men. Psychosom Med 1998 May-Jun;60(3):297-308
  5. Shor-Posner G, Feaster D, Blaney NT, Rocca H, Mantero-Atienza E, Szapocznik J, Eisdorfer C, Goodkin K, Baum MK. Impact of vitamin B6 status on psychological distress in a longitudinal study of HIV-1 infection. Int J Psychiatry Med 1994;24(3):209-22
  6. Dean, W; Morganthaler, J Smart Drugs and Nutrients: How to Improve Your Memory and Increase Your Intelligence Using the Latest Discoveries in Neuroscience B&J Publications, Santa Cruz 1991 p.156
Vinpocetine
  1. Subhan Z; Hindmarch I. Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 28:567-571, 1985.
  2. Coleston DM. Hindmarch I. Possible memory-enhancing properties of vinpocetine. Drug Dev Res. 14:191-193, 1988
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  5. Miyamoto M; et al. Antioxidants protect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 250:1132-1140, 1989
  6. Olah VA; et al. An in vitro study of the hydroxyl scavenger effect of Cavinton. Acta Paediatr Hung. 30:309-316, 1990
  7. Uchiyama-Tsuyuki Y; et al. VA-045, a novel apovincamic acid derivative attenuates neuronal injury induced by hypoxia or by excitatory amino acids in cultures of rat cortices. Life Sci. 59:1571-1578, 1996
  8. Rischke R; Krieglstein J. Effects of vinpocetine on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization seven days after forebrain ischemia in the rat. Pharmacology. 41:153-160, 1990
  9. Manconi E; et al. A double-blind clinical trial of vinpocetine in the treatment of cerebral insufficiency of vascular and degenerative origin. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 40:702-709, 1986
  10. Dezsi L , et al. Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine in vivo and in vitro. Apovincaminic acid derivatives as potential therapeutic tools in ischemic stroke. Acta Pharm Hung 2002;72(2):84-91
DMAE
  1. 2-Dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol): A Brief review of Its Clinical efficacy and Postulated Mechanism of Action. Current Ther Res 1974, vol 16 No 11 pp1238-42
  2. Stimulant Effect of 2-Dimethylaminoethanol: A possible Precursor of Brain Acetylcholine Science 1957 Vol 126 pp610-1
  3. Kugel, R. B., and Alexander, T. The effect of a central nervous system stimulant (Deanol) on behavior. Pediatrics. 1963, 31: 651-655.
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
  1. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003 Apr;58(4):M372-7 Association of Alzheimer's Disease Onset With Ginkgo Biloba and Other Symptomatic Cognitive Treatments in a Population of Women Aged 75 Years and Older From the EPIDOS Study Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(4):CD003120
  2. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo Biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings Ginkgo Biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002 Aug;17(6):267-77
  3. Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001 Jul;16(5):409-416
  4. What is Ginkgo Biloba extract EGb 761? An overview--from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2002 Sep;48(6):601-11
  5. J Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a Ginkgo Biloba extract. Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002 Apr;18(2):197-202
  6. Comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo Biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 Nov;73(4):893-900 A
  7. Phytother Res 2001 Aug;15(5):449-51 The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb 761) in rats.
  8. Clinical improvement of memory and other cognitive functions by Ginkgo Biloba: review of relevant literature Adv Ther 1998 Jan-Feb;15(1):54-65
Schizandra
  1. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2002 Sep;8(6):385-7 Glutathione depletion and oxidative stress.
  2. Recent Advances in Chinese Herbal Drugs-Actions and Uses Beijing:Sci Press 1991 pp 100-101
  3. Nutrition Science News: The Journal of Natural Products Research and Innovation Jan 2001 Vol 6 No 1 pp 16-18


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