Pyroglutamate (2-oxo-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid) - PCA
PCA crosses the blood brain barrier and stimulates cognitive functions. PCA produces a significant increase in attention, short and long term retrieval of information and long term storage of memory. One study showed that after 60 days use there were significant improvements in verbal memory.

L-Tyrosine (L-TYR)
L-Tyrosine is an essential amino acid boosts phenethylamine, dopamine and norepinephrine. L-Tyrosine increases brain energy resulting in increased alertness, concentration and motivation and a reduction of depressive symptoms. L-TYR helps the body adapt to stress and improves cognitive performance.

Ginkgo Biloba Standardized Extract (GBE)
GBE is a nootropic herb that improves cerebral blood flow, increases ATP production, improves nerve signal transmission and acts as a powerful antioxidant.

Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine is a powerful memory enhancing nootropic derived from Periwinkle plant. Vinpocetine facilitates brain metabolism by improving microcirculation and increasing ATP production. It also increases the brain's ability to utilize glucose and oxygen.

Vitamin B5 as Pantothenic Acid and Pantetheine
B5 allows choline and DMAE to be converted into acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter most associated with memory and learning.

Phosphatidyl Serine (PS)
PS is a naturally occurring phospholipid forming an integral part of cell membranes. It keeps the cell membranes fluid and increase the number of receptor sites for neurotransmitters. It helps boosts learning and memory.

Bacopa Moneira Standardized Extract (Bacosides A & B [BMSE]
BMSE is an Indian adaptogenic herb. Like Ginseng, it helps the body adapt to stress with antidepressant and tranquilizing (but not sedating) properties. BMSE increases synaptic plasticity by improving the function of synaptic proteins. Bacopa is an antioxidant, prevents lipid peroxidation, improves memory and learning, and reduces anxiety and fatigue without causing over stimulation. BMSE specifically protected hippocampal neurons from oxidative stress by up-regulating antioxidant enzymes. THC is neurotoxic to hippocampal neurons, an effect completely blocked by antioxidants.

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate (CDC)
CDC acts as precursor to acetylcholine (ACH) and boosts memory and learning.

DMAE Bitartrate
DMAE acts as a biological solvent. It helps remove metabolic wastes from brain cells, improves moods, and acts as a source of acetylcholine (ACH) for neural transmissions.

Forskolin Extract (90%)
Forskolin is diterpene derived from the coleus plant that stimulates cyclic AMP, the second messenger inhibited by THC. Forskolin enhances synaptic plasticity that is adversely affected by THC.

Huperzine A (HupA)
Hup A is derived from Chinese club moss and is a natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChE Inhibitor), the enzyme that degrades ACH in the synapse resulting in more sustained signal transmission and resulting in increase learning and memory.
CDP-Choline (cytidine 5-diphosphocholine)
CDP-Choline is a unique form of choline which readily passes through the blood-brain barrier directly into the central nervous system. CDP-Choline activates the synthesis of critical components in cell membranes, boosts levels of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, and enhances cerebral energy metabolism. It is useful in improving learning, memory and preventing cognitive decline.




References for MJ-kit Ingredients


Pyroglutamate (2-oxo-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, PCA)
  1. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2002 May-Jun; 65(3):3-5 Effect of a drug composition containing pyroglutamic acid and pyrrolidone on the cerebral circulation
  2. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1994 Jan-Feb; 57(1):22-4 The central vascular and metabolic effects of pyroglutamic acid. Funct Neurol 1988 Apr-Jun;3(2):137-43 Pyroglutamic acid improves learning and memory capacities in old rats.
  3. J Drug Dev 1988 1 157-62 Pharmacological Properties of a Nootropic Agent of Endogenous Origin: D-Pyroglutamate. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 1990 Vol 4 pp 169-73 Pyroglutamic Acid Improves Age Associated Memory Impairment

 L-Tyrosine (L-TYR)
  1. Gelenberg AJ, Gibson CJ, Wojcik JD. Neurotransmitter precursors for the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1982;18:7-18.
  2. Meyer JS, Welch KMA, Deshmuckh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977;7:289-98.
  3. Banderet LE, Lieberman HR. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Res Bull 1989;22:759-62.
  4. Salter CA. Dietary tyrosine as an aid to stress resistance among troops. Mil Med 1989;154:144-6.
  5. Deijen JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, et al. Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain Res Bull 1999;48:203-9.
  6. Neri DF, Wiegmann D, Stanny RR, et al. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviat Space Environ Med 1995;66:313-9.
  7. Dollins AB, Krock LP, Storm WF, et al. L-tyrosine ameliorates some effects of lower body negative pressure stress. Physiol Behav 1995;57:223-30.
  8. Deijen JB, Orlebeke JF. Effect of tyrosine on cognitive function and blood pressure under stress. Brain Res Bull 1994;33:319-23.
  9. Shurtleff D, Thomas JR, Schrot J, et al. Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994;47:935-41.
  10. Chiaroni P, Azorin JM, Bovier P, et al. A multivariate analysis of red blood cell membrane transports and plasma levels of L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan in depressed patients before treatment and after clinical improvement. Neuropsychobiology 1990;23:1-7.
  11. Banderet LE, Lieberman HR. Treatment with tyrosine, a neurotransmitter precursor, reduces environmental stress in humans. Brain Res Bull 1989;22:759-62.
  12. Salter CA. Dietary tyrosine as an aid to stress resistance among troops. Mil Med 1989;154:144-6.
  13. Alvestrand A, Ahlberg M, Forst P, Bergstrom J. Clinical results of long-term treatment with a low protein diet and a new amino acid preparation in patients with chronic uremia. Clin Nephrol 1983;19:67-73
  14. Gelenberg AJ, Gibson CJ, Wojcik JD. Neurotransmitter precursors for the treatment of depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 1982;18:7-18.
  15. Meyer JS, Welch KMA, Deshmuckh VD, et al. Neurotransmitter precursor amino acids in the treatment of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1977;7:289-98.

Ginkgo Biloba Standardized Extract (GBE)
  1. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2003 Apr;58(4):M372-7 Association of Alzheimer's Disease Onset With Ginkgo Biloba and Other Symptomatic Cognitive Treatments in a Population of Women Aged 75 Years and Older From the EPIDOS Study Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;(4):CD003120
  2. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002 Aug;17(6):267-77
  3. Cognitive effects of a Ginkgo biloba/vinpocetine compound in normal adults: systematic assessment of perception, attention and memory. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001 Jul;16(5):409-416
  4. What is Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761? An overview--from molecular biology to clinical medicine. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2002 Sep;48(6):601-11
  5. J Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a Ginkgo biloba extract. Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2002 Apr;18(2):197-202
  6. Comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 Nov;73(4):893-900 A
  7. Phytother Res 2001 Aug;15(5):449-51 The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) in rats.
  8. Clinical improvement of memory and other cognitive functions by Ginkgo biloba: review of relevant literature Adv Ther 1998 Jan-Feb;15(1):54-65

Vinpocetine
  1. The use of vinpocetine in chronic disorders caused by cerebral hypoperfusion Orv Hetil 2001 Feb 25;142(8):383-9
  2. Subhan Z; Hindmarch I. Psychopharmacological effects of vinpocetine in normal healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 28:567-571, 1985.
  3. Coleston DM. Hindmarch I. Possible memory-enhancing properties of vinpocetine. Drug Dev Res. 14:191-193, 1988
  4. Kiss B; Szporny L. On the possible role of central monoaminergic systems in the central nervous system actions of vinpocetine. Drug Dev Res. 14:263-279, 1988
  5. Miskolczi P; et al. Pharmacokinetics of vinpocetine and its main metabolite apovincaminic acid before and after the chronic oral administration of vinpocetine to humans. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 15:1-5, 1990
  6. Miyamoto M; et al. Antioxidants protect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 250:1132-1140, 1989
  7. Olah VA; et al. An in vitro study of the hydroxyl scavenger effect of Cavinton. Acta Paediatr Hung. 30:309-316, 1990
  8. Uchiyama-Tsuyuki Y; et al. VA-045, a novel apovincamic acid derivative attenuates neuronal injury induced by hypoxia or by excitatory amino acids in cultures of rat cortices. Life Sci. 59:1571-1578, 1996
  9. Rischke R; Krieglstein J. Effects of vinpocetine on local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization seven days after forebrain ischemia in the rat. Pharmacology. 41:153-160, 1990
  10. Manconi E; et al. A double-blind clinical trial of vinpocetine in the treatment of cerebral insufficiency of vascular and degenerative origin. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 40:702-709, 1986
  11. Dezsi L , et al. Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine in vivo and in vitro. Apovincaminic acid derivatives as potential therapeutic tools in ischemic stroke. Acta Pharm Hung 2002;72(2):84-91

Vitamin B5 (as Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine)
  1. Smart Drugs and Nutrients: How to Improve Your Memory and Increase Your Intelligence Using the Latest Discoveries In Neuroscience p.155

Phosphatidyl Serine (PS)
  1. Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;99(3):316-21
  2. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999 Jun;4(3):144-61
  3. Amaducci, L and the SMID Group. 'Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: results of a multicenter study.' Psychopharmacol. Bulletin, 1988, 24: 130-4.
  4. Cenacchi, B, Bertoldin T, Farina C, Fiori M.G., Crepaldi G. 'Cognitive decline in the elderly: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine administration.' Aging (Clin. Exp. Res.), 1993, 5: 123-33.
  5. Crook, T.H., Tinklenburg, J, Yesavage J, Petrie W, Nunzie M.G., and Massari, D.C. 'Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment.' Neurol, 1991. 41: 644-9.
  6. Crook, T.H., Petrie W, Wells C, Massari, D.C. 'Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease.' Psychopharmacol. Bulletin,, 1992. 28: 61-6.
  7. Delwaide, P.J., Gyselynk-Mambourg A.M., Hurlet A. and Ylieff M. 'Double-blind randomized controlled study of phosphatidylserine in demented patients.' Acta Neurol. Scand, 1986. 73:136-40.
  8. Engel, R.R., Satzger W, Gunther W, Kathmann N, Bove D, Gerkes, Munch U and Hippius H. 'Double-blind cross-over study of phosphatidylserine vs. placebo in subjects with early cognitive deterioration of the Alzheimer type.' Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, 1992. 2: 149-55.
  9. Funfgeld, E.W., Baggen, M, Nedwidek, P, et al. 'Double-blind study with phosphatidylserine (PS) in Parkinsonian patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT).' Progr. Clin. Biol. Res, 1989. 317: 1235-46.
  10. Gindin, J, et al., 1995. The Effect of Plant Phosphatidylserine on Age-Associated Memory Impairment and Mood in the Functioning Elderly. Rehovot, Israel: Geriatric Institute for Education and Research, and Department of Geriatrics, Kaplan Hospital.
  11. Hershowitz M, et al. 'Long-term treatment of dementia Alzheimer type with phosphatidylserine: effect on cognitive functioning and performance in daily life.' In, Bazan NG, et al (eds.) Phospholipids in the Nervous System: Biochemical and Molecular Pathology, 1989. Padua, Italy: Liviana Press.
  12. Maggioni, M, Picotti, G.B., Bondiolotti ,G.P., Panerai, A. Cenacchi, T. Nobil, P. and Brambilla, F. 'Effects of phosphatidylserine therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disorders.' Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1990. 81: 265-70.
  13. Monteleone, P, Maj, M, Beinat, L, Natale, M, and Kemali, D. 'Blunting by chronic phosphatidylserine administration of the stress-induced activation of the hypothalamos-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men.' Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol ,1992. 41: 385-8.
  14. Nerozzi, D., et al. 'Phosphatidylserine and impaired memory in the elderly.' La Clinica Terapeutica, 1989. 120: 399-404. [Translated from the Italian]
  15. Palmieri, G, Palmieri, R, Inzoli, M.R., et al. 'Double-blind controlled trial of phosphatidylserine in patients with senile mental deterioration.' Clin. Trials J., 1987. 24: 73-83.
  16. Ransmayr, G, Plorer, S, Gerstenbrand, F, and Bauer, G. 'Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of phosphatidylserine in elderly patients with arteriosclerotic encephalopathy.' Clin. Trials J., 1987. 24: 62-72.
  17. Rosadini, G, Sannita ,W.G., Nobili, F, and Cenacchi, T. 'Phosphatidylserine: quantitative EEG effects in healthy volunteers.' Neuropsychobiol, 1991. 24: 42-8.
  18. Kidd, P., 1995. Phosphatidylserine (PS), A Remarkable Brain Cell Nutrient. Lucas Meyer, Inc, Decator, Il.
  19. Dean, W., Morgenthaler, J. Fowkes, S. 1993 'Phosphatidylserine' Smart Drugs II, The Next Generation, Health Freedom Publications. Menlo Park, CA. pp. 75-80.

Bacopa Moneira Standardized Extract (Bacosides A & B [BMSE]
  1. The chronic effects of an extract of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi) on cognitive function in healthy human subjects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001 Aug;156(4):481-4
  2. Bacopa monniera Linn. as an antioxidant: mechanism of action. Indian J Exp Biol 1996 Jun;34(6):523-6
  3. Antidepressant activity of standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in experimental models of depression in rats. Phytomedicine 2002 Apr;9(3):207-11
  4. Antioxidant activity of Bacopa monniera in rat frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus Phytother Res 2000 May;14(3):174-9
  5. Protective role of Bacopa monniera on morphine-induced brain mitochondrial enzyme activity in rats. Fitoterapia 2002 Aug;73(5):381-5
  6. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 Nov;73(4):893-900 A comparative study in rodents of standardized extracts of Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba: anticholinesterase and cognitive enhancing activities.
  7. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Altern Med Rev 1999 Jun;4(3):144-61
  8. Effect of Bacopa monniera Linn. (brahmi) extract on avoidance responses in rat. J Ethnopharmacol 1982 Mar;5(2):205-14

Choline Dihydrogen Citrate (CDC)
  1. The effects of lecithin on memory in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type [proceedings Modest facilitation on memory in dementia with combined lecithin and anticholinerestase treatment. Biol Psychiatry 1982 Feb;17(2):275-80
  2. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981 Jan;17(1):127-8

DMAE Bitartrate
  1. 2-Dimethylaminoethanol (Deanol): A Brief review of Its Clinical efficacy and Postulated Mechanism of Action. Current Ther Res 1974, vol 16 No 11 pp1238-42
  2. Stimulant Effect of 2-Dimethylaminoethanol: A possible Precursor of Brain Acetylcholine Science 1957 Vol 126 pp610-1
  3. Kugel, R. B., and Alexander, T. The effect of a central nervous system stimulant (Deanol) on behavior. Pediatrics. 1963, 31: 651-655.

Forskolin Extract (90%)
  1. Cannabinoids inhibit the formation of new synapses between hippocampal neurons in culture. J Neurosci 2001 May 15;21(10):RC146
  2. Cyclic-AMP inhibits nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in human osteoblast: the regulation of caspase-3, -6, -9 and the release of cytochrome c in nitric oxide-induced apoptosis by cAMP Biol Pharm Bull 2001 May;24(5): 453-60
  3. Cyclic nucleotides suppress tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase activation and cytochrome c release in primary hepatocytes via a mechanism independent of Akt activation. J Biol Chem 2000 Apr 28;275(17):13026-34
  4. Cellular mechanisms of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol behavioural sensitization Eur J Neurosci 2003 Jan;17(2):325-30
  5. Cannabinoids ablate release of TNFalpha in rat microglial cells stimulated with lypopolysaccharide Glia 2003 Jan 15;41(2):161-8

Huperzine A (HupA)
  1. Huperzine A attenuates the neurotoxic effect of staurosporine in primary rat cortical neurons. Neurosci Lett 2003 Apr 10;340(2):91-94
  2. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao Drug evaluation of huperzine A in the treatment of senile memory disorders. 1991 May;12(3):250-2
  3. Effects of huperzine A on acetylcholinesterase isoforms in vitro: comparison with tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine and physostigmine. Eur J Pharmacol 2002 Nov 29;455(2-3):101-7
  4. Ginkgolide A, B, and huperzine A inhibit nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2002 Oct;2(11):1551-6

CDP-Choline (cytidine 5-diphosphocholine, citicholine)
  1. Treatment of mild cognitive impairment: value of citicoline Rev Neurol 2002 Oct 1;35(7):675-82
  2. Citicoline improves memory performance in elderly subjects Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 1997 Apr;19(3):201-10
  3. Citicoline improves verbal memory in aging. Arch Neurol 1996 May;53(5):441-8
  4. "Facilitatory effects of chronically administered citicoline on learning and memory processes in the dog." Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 22(1): 115-28.


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